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ONE:I. TWO:Against these we have to set the confident expressions of belief in a future life employed by all the Platonists and Pythagoreans, and by some of the Stoic school. But their doctrines on the subject will be most advantageously explained when we come to deal with the religious philosophy of the age as a whole. What we have now to examine is the general condition of popular belief as evinced by the character of the funereal monuments erected in the time of the empire. Our authorities are agreed in stating that the majority of these bear witness to a wide-spread and ever-growing faith in immortality, sometimes conveyed under the form of inscriptions, sometimes under that of figured reliefs, sometimes more na?vely signified by articles placed in the tomb for use in another world. ��I am waiting for my husband,�� is the inscription placed over his dead wife by one who was, like her, an enfranchised slave. Elsewhere a widow ��commends her departed husband to the gods of the underworld, and prays that they will allow his spirit to revisit her in the hours of the night.��366 ��In death thou art not dead,�� are the words deciphered on one mouldering stone. ��No,�� says a father to a son whom he had lost in Numidia,236 ��thou hast not gone down to the abode of the Manes but risen to the stars of heaven.�� At Doxato, near Philippi in Macedonia, ��a mother has graven on the tomb of her child: ��We are crushed by a cruel blow, but thou hast renewed thy being and art dwelling in the Elysian fields.��367 This conception of the future world as a heavenly and happy abode where human souls are received into the society of the gods, recurs with especial frequency in the Greek epitaphs, but is also met with in Latin-speaking countries. And, considering how great a part the worship of departed spirits plays in all primitive religions, just such a tendency might be expected to show itself at such a time, if, as we have contended, the conditions of society under the empire were calculated to set free the original forces by which popular faith is created. It seems, therefore, rather arbitrary to assume, as Friedl?nder does,368 that the movement in question was entirely due to Platonic influence,��especially considering that there are distinct traces of it to be found in Pindar;��although at the same time we may grant that it was powerfully fostered by Plato��s teaching, and received a fresh impulse from the reconstitution of his philosophy in the third century of our era.[Pg 214]

ONE:Spinoza gathered up all the threads of speculation thus made ready for his grasp, when he defined God as a substance consisting of infinite attributes, each of which expresses his infinite and eternal essence; subsequently adding that the essence here spoken of is Power, and that two of the infinite attributes are Extension and Thought, whereof the particular things known to us are modes. Platonism had decomposed the world into two ideal principles, and had re-created it by combining them over again in various proportions, but they were not entirely reabsorbed and worked up into the concrete reality which resulted from their union; they were, so to speak, knotted together, but the ends continued to hang loose. Above and below the finite sphere of existence there remained as an unemployed surplus the infinite causal energy of the One and the infinite passive potentiality of Matter. Spinoza combined and identified the two opposing elements in the notion of a single substance as infinite in actuality as they had been in power. He thus gave its highest metaphysical expression406 to that common tendency which we traced through the prospects opened out by the Copernican astronomy, the revival of Atomism, the dynamical psychology of Hobbes, and the illimitable passion of the Renaissance, while, at the same time, preserving the unity of Plato��s idealism, and even making it more concentrated than before.

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THREE:Brewster avoided it, and became absorbed in making the tips of his fingers meet as he pressed his hands together.