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TWO:DUEL BETWEEN THE "GUERRI��RE" AND THE "CONSTITUTION." (See p. 36.)

FORE: Growth of Material Wealth��Condition of the Working Classes��The Charity Schools��Lethargy of the Church��Proposal to abolish Subscription to the Articles��A Bill for the further Relief of Dissenters��The Test and Corporation Acts��The Efforts of Beaufoy and Lord Stanhope��Attempts to relieve the Quakers��Further Effort of Lord Stanhope��The Claims of the Roman Catholics��Failure of the Efforts to obtain Catholic Emancipation��Lay Patronage in Scotland��The Scottish Episcopalians��Illustrious Dissenters��Religion in Wales and Ireland��Literature��The Novelists: Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne��Minor and later Novelists��Scott��Historians: Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon��Minor Historians��Miscellaneous Literature��Criticism, Theology, Biography, and Science��Periodical Literature��The Drama and the Dramatists��Poetry: Collins, Shenstone, and Gray��Goldsmith and Churchill��Minor Poets��Percy's "Reliques," and Scott's "Border Minstrelsy"��Chatterton and Ossian��Johnson and Darwin��Crabbe and Cowper��Poetasters and Gifford��The Shakespeare Forgeries��Minor Satires��Burns��The Lake School: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey��Scott, Campbell, Byron, Shelley, and Keats��Poets at the close of the Period��Improvement of Agricultural Science��Arthur Young��Drainage and Roots��Improvements in Road-making: Telford and Macadam��Brindley's and Telford's Canals��Bridges and Harbours��Iron Railways��Application of the Steam-Engine to Railways and Boats��Improvements in Machinery��Wedgwood��Manufacture of Glass��Collieries��Use of Coal in Iron-works��Improvements in various Manufactures��Scientific Discoveries��Music��Architecture��Painting��Sculpture��Engraving��Coins and Coinage��Manners and Customs.Whilst these contentions were going on, Wren had entered fairly on his profession of architect. He built the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford, begun in 1663, and completed in 1669; and the fine library of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the beautiful square, Neville's Court, to the same college. He also built the chapels of Pembroke and Emmanuel Colleges, in the same university. In the erection of these, he suffered, from the conceit and conflicting opinions of parties concerned, a foretaste of the squabbles and contradictions which rendered the whole period of the building of St. Paul's miserable. In 1665 he found leisure to visit Paris, and study the magnificent palaces and churches with which Louis XIV. was embellishing his capital. There he got a glimpse of the design for the Louvre, which Bernini, the architect, showed him, but only for a moment; and he was in communication with Mansard, Le Vau, and Le Pautre.

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TWO:Sir David Wilkie (b. 1785), one of the greatest of Scottish painters, claims a few words here, especially regarding the latter part of his brilliant career. In 1820-1 he accomplished his masterpiece, "The Chelsea Pensioners listening to the[433] News of Waterloo," for which he received 1,200 guineas from the Duke of Wellington. His later works did not increase his reputation, chiefly because he abandoned the style in which he excelled and adopted the pseudo-Spanish. In 1830 he was made painter in ordinary to his Majesty on the death of Lawrence, and became a candidate for the Presidentship of the Royal Academy, but had only one vote recorded in his favour. Between 1830 and 1840 he painted a considerable number of works, among which were "John Knox preaching before Mary," and "The Discovery of the Body of Tippoo Sahib," painted for the widow of Sir David Baird, for ��1,500. In 1836 he was knighted, and in 1840 he set out on a tour to the East, and went as far as Jerusalem, which he viewed with rapture. At Constantinople he had the honour of painting the Sultan for the Queen. He returned by Egypt, but never saw his native land again. He died off Gibraltar, and, the burial service having been read by torchlight, his body was committed to the deep, on the 1st of June, 1841.This was only interrupted by the cries of "�� bas Guizot!" "�� bas les Ministres!" These cries, everywhere received with electrical enthusiasm, were uttered with the greatest bitterness about Guizot's house, where an incident occurred that, whether intended or not, sealed the fate of the Orleans dynasty. The people were pressing on the military, and in the confusion a man named Lagrange stepped forward and shot the commanding officer. The troops then fired point blank into the dense mass, and many were killed. When the firing ceased, a funeral procession was rapidly formed, the bodies were collected and placed upon a large cart, their still bleeding wounds exposed under the glare of torchlight. The effect may be imagined: it thrilled the whole city with feelings of horror and revenge.

FORE:Food we had none;

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TWO:Whilst the French armies had been carrying bloodshed and misery into the countries around them, their brethren at home had been equally[436] busy in pushing forward those mutual hatreds which appeared likely to end in the extermination of the whole race of revolutionists. The Girondists being destroyed, new divisions showed themselves in those who had hitherto been allies��Robespierre and his coadjutors. H��bert, Chaumette, Clootz, Ronsin, and others, began to raise their heels against their chief, and their chief doomed every one of them to the guillotine. His most important victim was Danton, a man by no means contemptible (guillotined April 5th, 1794).

FORE:

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