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THREE: Unsettled Condition of Europe��Machinations of Russia and Austria against Turkey��Disasters of the Austrians��Capture of Oczakoff��Further Designs of Catherine��Intervention of Pitt��Gustavus of Sweden invades Russia��His Temporary Check��He remodels the Diet and pursues the War��Joseph renews the War��Disaffection in Hungary��Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands��Abolition of the Joyeuse Entr��e��The Emperor declared to have forfeited the Crown��The Austrian Troops retired to Luxembourg��Death of Joseph��Outbreak of the French Revolution��Efforts of Turgot and his Successors to introduce Reforms��Lom��nie de Brienne��Recall of Necker��Assembly of the States General��The Third Estate becomes the National Assembly��The Meeting in the Tennis Court��Contemplated Coup d'��tat��Project of a City Guard��Dismissal of Necker��Insurrection in Paris��The City Guard��Capture of the Bastille��The Noblesse renounce their Privileges��Bankruptcy and Famine��"O Richard, O Mon Roi!"��The Women and the National Guard march on Versailles��The King brought to Paris��Effect of the Revolution in England��Different Views of Burke and Fox��Rejection of Flood's Reform Bill��The Nootka Sound Affair��Satisfaction obtained from Spain��Motions of Reform in the Irish Parliament��Convention of Reichenbach��Continuance of the War between Sweden and Russia��Renewal of the War with Tippoo Sahib��Debates in Parliament��Discussions on the Eastern Question��The Canada Bill��It is made the occasion of speeches on the French Revolution��Breach between Fox and Burke��Abuse of Burke by the Whigs��Wilberforce's Notice for Immediate Emancipation��Colonisation of Sierra Leone��Bill for the Relief of Roman Catholics��Fox's Libel Bill��Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution"��Replies of Mackintosh and Paine��Dr. Price��Dr. Priestley��The Anniversary of the taking of the Bastille��The Birmingham Riots��Destruction of Priestley's Library��Suppression of the Riots��Mildness of the Sentences.The evils of this system had reached their height in the years 1832-3. That was a time when the public mind was bent upon reforms of all sorts, without waiting for the admission from the Tories that the grievances of which the nation complained were "proved abuses." The Reformers were determined no longer to tolerate the state of things in which the discontent of the labouring classes was proportioned to the money disbursed in poor rates, or in voluntary charities; in which the young were trained in idleness, ignorance, and vice��the able-bodied maintained in sluggish and sensual indolence��the aged and more respectable exposed to all the misery incident to dwelling in such a society as that of a large workhouse, without discipline or classification, the whole body of inmates subsisting on food far exceeding, both in kind and in amount, not merely the diet of the independent labourer, but that of the majority of the persons who contributed to their support; in which a farmer paid ten shillings a year in poor rate, and was in addition compelled to employ supernumerary labourers, not required on his farm, at a cost of from ��100 to ��250 a year; in which the labourer had no need to bestir himself to seek work or to please his master, or to put a restraint upon his temper, having all a slave's security for subsistence, without the slave's liability to punishment; in which the parish paid parents for nursing their little children, and children for supporting their aged parents, thereby destroying[364] in both parties all feelings of natural affection and all sense of Christian duty. The Government, therefore, resolved to apply a remedy. The following is a brief outline of the main features of the measure they proposed, and which was adopted by the legislature. They found the greatest evils of the old system were connected with the relief of the able-bodied; and in connection with that lay the chief difficulty of administering relief. It was, above all things, an essential condition that the situation of the pauper should not be made��really or apparently��so desirable as that of independent labourers of the lowest class; if it were, the majority of that class would have the strongest inducements to quit it, and get into the more eligible class of paupers. It was necessary, therefore, that an appeal to the parish should be a last resource��that it should be regarded as the hardest taskmaster and the worst paymaster. This principle was embodied in the Poor Law Amendment Act; and the effects which quickly followed on its operation were most marked and salutary. Able-bodied paupers were extensively converted into independent labourers, for whose employment a large fund was created by the reduction of parochial expenditure; next followed a rise in wages; then a diminution, not only of pauper marriages, but of early and imprudent marriages of all sorts; and lastly, there was a diminution of crime, with contentment among the labourers, increasing with their industry: relief of a child was made relief to the parent, and relief of a wife relief to the husband. In fact, the law combined charity with economy.

FORE:In the East Indies France agreed to keep no troops, and raise no fortifications in Bengal, and on these conditions their settlements were restored, but merely as places of trade. Goree, on the coast of Africa, was restored, but Senegal was surrendered.The result of this division shook the last resistance of Walpole. When the motion which had been rejected on the 18th of December��for copies of the correspondence with the King of Prussia��was again put, he made no opposition, and it[79] passed without a division. He made, however, one more attempt to carry his measures. In the disputed election of Chippenham he stood his ground against the petition, and was defeated by a majority of one. It was now clear to himself that he must give way. His relatives and friends assured him that to defer longer was only to court more decided discomfiture. On the 31st of January, he, therefore, prepared to depart for his seat at Houghton, and the next morning he demanded of the king, in a private audience, leave to retire. George, on this occasion, evinced a degree of feeling that did him honour. When the old Minister who had served him through so long a course of years knelt to kiss hands, the king embraced him, shed tears, and begged that he would often come to see him. On the 9th of February Sir Robert was created Earl of Orford, and on the 11th he made a formal resignation of all his places. FORE:[See larger version]These reverses were calculated to make France more compliant; yet Pitt was astonished to find,[171] instead of compliance, a great spirit of resistance. Choiseul would by no means admit that Belleisle was an equivalent for Minorca. He demanded Guadeloupe and Belleisle too, simply in lieu of the French conquests in Germany. He now demurred to the surrender of Cape Breton, or in any case to forego the right of fishing along its coasts. He was not content with Amaboo or Acra; he demanded Senegal or Goree. He declined also to destroy the fortifications of Dunkirk, raised in contempt of the treaty of Utrecht. All captures made at sea previous to the declaration of war must be restored; and in Germany, though he was willing to withdraw the French troops, it was only on condition that the troops commanded by Prince Ferdinand should not reinforce the Prussian army.